var rD; //roomData var eAD; //exhibitionAccessData function initialiseData() { // first deal with roomData rD = new Array(); eAD = new Array(); rD[0] = new Array(); rD[1] = new Array(); rD[2] = new Array(); rD[3] = new Array(); rD[4] = new Array(); rD[5] = new Array(); rD[6] = new Array(); rD[7] = new Array(); rD[0][0] = "-1"; // direction rD[0][1] = "0"; // startPan rD[0][2] = "0"; // startTilt rD[0][3] = "6"; // number of objects rD[0][4] = new Array(); // array will hold each of the objects rD[1][0] = "1"; rD[1][1] = "0"; rD[1][2] = "0"; rD[1][3] = "7"; rD[1][4] = new Array(); rD[2][0] = "-1"; rD[2][1] = "0"; rD[2][2] = "0"; rD[2][3] = "8"; rD[2][4] = new Array(); rD[3][0] = "-1"; rD[3][1] = "0"; rD[3][2] = "0"; rD[3][3] = "5"; rD[3][4] = new Array(); rD[4][0] = "-1"; rD[4][1] = "0"; rD[4][2] = "0"; rD[4][3] = "5"; rD[4][4] = new Array(); rD[5][0] = "-1"; rD[5][1] = "0"; rD[5][2] = "0"; rD[5][3] = "2"; rD[5][4] = new Array(); rD[6][0] = "-1"; rD[6][1] = "0"; rD[6][2] = "0"; rD[6][3] = "4"; rD[6][4] = new Array(); rD[7][0] = "-1"; rD[7][1] = "0"; rD[7][2] = "0"; rD[7][3] = "7"; rD[7][4] = new Array(); // second deal with roomData rD[0][4][0] = new Array(); rD[0][4][0][0] = "1"; // number rD[0][4][0][01] = "false"; // enlarge rD[0][4][0][02] = "50"; // start rD[0][4][0][03] = "164"; // end rD[0][4][0][04] = "Chairs"; // title rD[0][4][0][05] = "images/thumbs/chairs.jpg"; // thumb rD[0][4][0][06] = "Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, just before he turned eighteen. He was charismatic, tall, athletic and confident. Ambassadors wrote of his golden hair and his fair skin. He also had a beautiful new wife, money and ambition. He wanted to be the most influential and impressive prince in Europe.

Katherine of Aragon was born a Spanish princess but it was her destiny to become Queen of England. She married Henry VIII at the age of twenty three. Auburn-haired, pious and passionate, she understood the complexities of European politics. Katherine was committed to her new role and to her adopted country.

Thomas Wolsey was a rising star at the court of Henry VIII. He was a brilliant administrator with one eye for detail and another for opportunity. He knew how to make friends and how to influence them. Henry was a dynamic new king. Surely there would be splendid rewards for such a loyal and industrious servant?"; // text rD[0][4][0][07] = "images/big/1-1.jpg"; // image rD[0][4][1] = new Array(); rD[0][4][1][0] = "3"; // number rD[0][4][1][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[0][4][1][2] = "0"; // start rD[0][4][1][3] = "50"; // end rD[0][4][1][4] = "View Out into Clock Court"; // title rD[0][4][1][5] = "images/thumbs/1-3.jpg"; // thumb rD[0][4][1][6] = "This Tudor window looks out over Clock Court.

On the far side, Wolsey built a tall suite of apartments for Henry and Katherine. Stacked one above the other, this is where he entertained them on their frequent visits to the palace."; // text rD[0][4][1][7] = "images/big/1-3.jpg"; // image rD[0][4][2] = new Array(); rD[0][4][2][0] = "4"; // number rD[0][4][2][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[0][4][2][2] = "320"; // start rD[0][4][2][3] = "0"; // end rD[0][4][2][4] = "Blocked Window"; // title rD[0][4][2][5] = "images/thumbs/1-4.jpg"; // thumb rD[0][4][2][6] = "This room or chamber was one of a lavish series of lodgings for Cardinal Wolsey's noble and foreign guests. Imagine these spaces furnished with tapestries and carpets, and a silver candlestick or two.

Much later, Princess Mary, Henry's daughter by Katherine of Aragon, stayed here. Kateryn Parr, his last wife, may also have entertained in this chamber.

Over subsequent centuries these rooms have been altered and adapted. We can only glimpse their former magnificence. This typical Tudor window was blocked when Christopher Wren built his striking baroque colonnade against it around 1691."; // text rD[0][4][2][7] = "images/big/1-1.jpg"; // image rD[0][4][3] = new Array(); rD[0][4][3][0] = "5"; // number rD[0][4][3][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[0][4][3][2] = "230"; // start rD[0][4][3][3] = "320"; // end rD[0][4][3][4] = "Young Henry VIII"; // title rD[0][4][3][5] = "images/thumbs/1-5.jpg"; // thumb rD[0][4][3][6] = "Henry VIII: fat, tyrannical, vicious and married six times. That is not the story you will hear today. In its place, we offer you a personal story of three people: Katherine of Aragon, Henry's wife for over 20 years; Thomas Wolsey, his chief minister and trusted ally; and young Henry VIII himself."; // text rD[0][4][3][7] = "images/big/1-5.jpg"; // image rD[0][4][4] = new Array(); rD[0][4][4][0] = "6"; // number rD[0][4][4][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[0][4][4][2] = "185"; // start rD[0][4][4][3] = "230"; // end rD[0][4][4][4] = "Wolsey's Apartments"; // title rD[0][4][4][5] = "images/thumbs/1-6.jpg"; // thumb rD[0][4][4][6] = "Hampton Court was a labyrinth of spiral staircases and gilded chambers.

Here Wolsey would orchestrate Henry and Katherine's rise to European prominence. These are his private lodgings: part executive office, part penthouse.

The original spiral staircase in this corner was demolished after Henry acquired Hampton Court from Wolsey in 1529. Fragments of a doorway are all that remain."; // text rD[0][4][4][7] = "images/big/1-6.jpg"; // image rD[0][4][5] = new Array(); rD[0][4][5][0] = "7"; // number rD[0][4][5][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[0][4][5][2] = "164"; // start rD[0][4][5][3] = "185"; // end rD[0][4][5][4] = "Quotations"; // title rD[0][4][5][5] = "images/thumbs/1-7.jpg"; // thumb rD[0][4][5][6] = ""Our natural, young, lusty and courageous Prince"
"His Majesty is the handsomest potentate I ever set eyes on"
"... above usual height, with an extremely fine calf to his leg"

"Fair queen Katherine so sweet and precious"
"The Queen is as admirable for her piety as she is for her learning"
"My most dear and well-beloved consort, the princess my wife"

"Our trusty and well-beloved clerk and chaplain, Master Thomas Wolsey"
"He was a witty fellow who would often cast aside his priestly personage"
"He was pensive, and had the reputation of being extremely just""; // text rD[0][4][5][7] = "images/big/1-7.jpg"; // image rD[1][4][0] = new Array(); rD[1][4][0][0] = "1"; // number rD[1][4][0][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[1][4][0][2] = "346"; // start rD[1][4][0][3] = "15"; // end rD[1][4][0][4] = "View out into Base Court"; // title rD[1][4][0][5] = "images/thumbs/2-1.jpg"; // thumb rD[1][4][0][6] = "This window looks out over Base Court, built by Wolsey in which to greet and accommodate ambassadors and embassies from all over Europe."; // text rD[1][4][0][7] = "images/big/2-1.jpg"; // image rD[1][4][1] = new Array(); rD[1][4][1][0] = "2"; // number rD[1][4][1][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[1][4][1][2] = "315"; // start rD[1][4][1][3] = "346"; // end rD[1][4][1][4] = "Prince Arthur (1486-1502)"; // title rD[1][4][1][5] = "images/thumbs/2-2.jpg"; // thumb rD[1][4][1][6] = "By an unknown artist, c1500

This is Arthur, the older brother of Henry VIII. Before Henry VIII married Katherine of Aragon, she was betrothed to the young Prince Arthur.

Arthur and Katherine, both aged 15, were married in England in 1501. A few months later Arthur was dead, struck down by a fever.

Katherine's powerful parents, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, ruled Spain, and were important allies. To protect the alliance, Katherine was soon betrothed to Arthur's younger brother, Prince Henry.

It was unusual to marry your brother's widow, and the Pope granted special permission for the marriage. Henry and Katherine finally married in 1509."; // text rD[1][4][1][7] = "images/big/2-2.jpg"; // image rD[1][4][2] = new Array(); rD[1][4][2][0] = "3"; // number rD[1][4][2][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[1][4][2][2] = "202"; // start rD[1][4][2][3] = "315"; // end rD[1][4][2][4] = "The Family of King Henry VII"; // title rD[1][4][2][5] = "images/thumbs/2-3.jpg"; // thumb rD[1][4][2][6] = "By an unknown artist, c 1505-9

Henry VIII was the second son of Henry VII. Until the death of his elder brother Arthur in 1502, the young Henry VIII did not expect to be king. You can see him in this painting second from the left, behind Arthur and their father, Henry VII.

Henry VII seized the English crown at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. To keep it, he needed to rule well, fight off challenges from rivals and secure his family's future by having many children.

Henry VII is shown here with his wife, Elizabeth of York, and their family, promising to look after England before God and St George. He may have commissioned this painting himself towards the end of his life for Richmond Palace."; // text rD[1][4][2][7] = "images/big/2-3.jpg"; // image rD[1][4][3] = new Array(); rD[1][4][3][0] = "4"; // number rD[1][4][3][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[1][4][3][2] = "147"; // start rD[1][4][3][3] = "202"; // end rD[1][4][3][4] = "Johann Froben (c 1460-1527)"; // title rD[1][4][3][5] = "images/thumbs/2-4.jpg"; // thumb rD[1][4][3][6] = "By Hans Holbein, c1522

Erasmus and Froben were key figures in the encouragement of new learning in the early 1500s.

Their philosophy of humanism promoted education as the route toward a better, more pious world. Froben was one of the finest printers of his time and published the works of his friend Erasmus for a wider public.

These two paintings were once the same size, and were probably a pair. Froben seems to have fixed the two pictures together as a lasting memorial to their friendship."; // text rD[1][4][3][7] = "images/big/2-4.jpg"; // image rD[1][4][4] = new Array(); rD[1][4][4][0] = "5"; // number rD[1][4][4][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[1][4][4][2] = "95"; // start rD[1][4][4][3] = "147"; // end rD[1][4][4][4] = "Desiderius Erasmus (c 1466-1536)"; // title rD[1][4][4][5] = "images/thumbs/2-5.jpg"; // thumb rD[1][4][4][6] = "Copy of a portrait by Hans Holbein, c1523

Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon received similar educations. Both learnt Latin, Greek, French, maths, law, chivalry, theology, genealogy, horsemanship, dancing and music, as well as each other's languages.

The renowned humanist scholar Erasmus met the 8-year-old Prince Henry in 1499. He found him 'already with a certain royal demeanour; I mean dignity of mind combined with a remarkable courtesy'."; // text rD[1][4][4][7] = "images/big/2-5.jpg"; // image rD[1][4][5] = new Array(); rD[1][4][5][0] = "6"; // number rD[1][4][5][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[1][4][5][2] = "62"; // start rD[1][4][5][3] = "95"; // end rD[1][4][5][4] = "Quotations"; // title rD[1][4][5][5] = "images/thumbs/2-6.jpg"; // thumb rD[1][4][5][6] = "When the King was no more than a child, he was set for study. He had a vivid and active mind

The Queen loves good literature, which she has studied with success since childhood

There was in the royal household a priest named Thomas Wolsey, a clever fellow, and most ready for any undertaking"; // text rD[1][4][5][7] = "images/big/2-6.jpg"; // image rD[1][4][6] = new Array(); rD[1][4][6][0] = "7"; // number rD[1][4][6][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[1][4][6][2] = "15"; // start rD[1][4][6][3] = "62"; // end rD[1][4][6][4] = "Family Tree"; // title rD[1][4][6][5] = "images/thumbs/2-7.jpg"; // thumb rD[1][4][6][6] = "The Tudors had a complicated and controversial claim to the throne of England.

Henry VII was descended from an illegitimate son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, third son of King Edward III.

The English crown had been in dispute between rival branches of the royal family for most of the 1400s. Henry VII and his son Henry VIII wanted to secure the future of the Tudor dynasty by having large families. Daughters married powerful allies, and sons inherited the throne. Without children, the future looked uncertain."; // text rD[1][4][6][7] = "images/big/2-7.jpg"; // image rD[2][4][0] = new Array(); rD[2][4][0][0] = "1"; // number rD[2][4][0][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[2][4][0][2] = "335"; // start rD[2][4][0][3] = "12"; // end rD[2][4][0][4] = "Europe in 1513"; // title rD[2][4][0][5] = "images/thumbs/3-1.jpg"; // thumb rD[2][4][0][6] = "Europe in Henry VIII's day is not an easy place to explain. There were few settled borders and a long list of disputed territorial claims. Countries and empires were formed and ruled by immensely powerful families who had risen to the top through clever marriages or on the battlefield.

France, Spain and the Habsburg Empire had become the key players by the early 1500s. Alliances, counter-alliances and betrayals were the rules of the game, with continental mastery the prize."; // text rD[2][4][0][7] = "images/big/3-1.jpg"; // image rD[2][4][1] = new Array(); rD[2][4][1][0] = "2"; // number rD[2][4][1][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[2][4][1][2] = "297"; // start rD[2][4][1][3] = "335"; // end rD[2][4][1][4] = "Ceiling"; // title rD[2][4][1][5] = "images/thumbs/3-2.jpg"; // thumb rD[2][4][1][6] = "Wolsey indulged in 'spin', just like politicians today. He was a master at manipulating and creating images of power.

Above the heads of his visitors, Wolsey's personal 'devices', shone in gold like modern logos from this Italianate 'fretwork' ceiling. As you look up to identify some of these impressive devices, you can imagine Wolsey's visitors politely craning their necks too!
- Two crossed pillars: symbols of Wolsey's powers as Cardinal.
- Two crossed keys: Wolsey's arms as Archbishop of York.
- A griffin: Wolsey's personal emblem. It holds a scroll with his motto: 'Lord,be my judge' (Dominus Michi Adjutor)."; // text rD[2][4][1][7] = "images/big/3-2.jpg"; // image rD[2][4][2] = new Array(); rD[2][4][2][0] = "3"; // number rD[2][4][2][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[2][4][2][2] = "222"; // start rD[2][4][2][3] = "297"; // end rD[2][4][2][4] = "The Meeting of Henry VIII and the Emperor Maximilian I"; // title rD[2][4][2][5] = "images/thumbs/3-3.jpg"; // thumb rD[2][4][2][6] = "By an unknown artist, or artists, c 1513

In 1513, Henry VIII travelled to the Continent to wage war against France. His principal ally was Maximilian I, the Holy Roman Emperor and head of the powerful Habsburg family. This painting records their victory over the French army.

In the distance you can see the Battle of the Spurs, and further back still the two captured French cities, Tournai and Therouanne. Henry made Thomas Wolsey his new Bishop of Tournai for his role in organising the supplies and money for the war."; // text rD[2][4][2][7] = "images/big/3-3.jpg"; // image rD[2][4][3] = new Array(); rD[2][4][3][0] = "4"; // number rD[2][4][3][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[2][4][3][2] = "192"; // start rD[2][4][3][3] = "222"; // end rD[2][4][3][4] = "Audience Chamber"; // title rD[2][4][3][5] = "images/thumbs/3-4.jpg"; // thumb rD[2][4][3][6] = "Henry could only win wars on the battlefield if Wolsey secured political alliances through negotiation. Imagine him cajoling and flattering his guests in front of this roaring fire.

Fireplaces and doorways were the social hearts of Tudor rooms. Hours were spent waiting or keeping warm by them. Many, like those you will see here, are covered in Tudor graffiti. Were these scratched away as guests, courtiers and servants waited for that crucial word with Wolsey?"; // text rD[2][4][3][7] = "images/big/3-4.jpg"; // image rD[2][4][4] = new Array(); rD[2][4][4][0] = "5"; // number rD[2][4][4][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[2][4][4][2] = "172"; // start rD[2][4][4][3] = "192"; // end rD[2][4][4][4] = "Maximilian I (1459-1519)"; // title rD[2][4][4][5] = "images/thumbs/3-5.jpg"; // thumb rD[2][4][4][6] = "A copy of a contemporary portrait, painted in the late 1500s

This is a portrait of the Emperor who fought alongside Henry VIII in 1513. Maximilian was described at the time as being of average height, with a 'manly countenance', pale complexion and a 'snub nose'. You can perhaps see evidence of all of these things in this painting!

Maximilian was a force to be reckoned with. He was head of the powerful Austrian Habsburg family and the elected Holy Roman Emperor. This gave him control over a huge swathe of central and northern Europe."; // text rD[2][4][4][7] = "images/big/3-5.jpg"; // image rD[2][4][5] = new Array(); rD[2][4][5][0] = "6"; // number rD[2][4][5][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[2][4][5][2] = "152"; // start rD[2][4][5][3] = "172"; // end rD[2][4][5][4] = "Margaret, Governor of the Netherlands (1480-1530)"; // title rD[2][4][5][5] = "images/thumbs/3-6.jpg"; // thumb rD[2][4][5][6] = "Possibly painted by Pieter van Coninxloo, c1495-1505

The quest for European dominance was not only fought on the battlefield. A less dangerous way of getting ahead was by arranging a good marriage for an eligible royal heir. This could bring you riches, lands and future grandchildren who might one day rule over a European empire.

Margaret was the daughter of the Emperor Maximilian. Maximilian used his daughter to further his influence in Europe. Margaret was betrothed firstly to the heir to the French throne, then married to a Spanish prince, and finally to the ruler of Savoy."; // text rD[2][4][5][7] = "images/big/3-6.jpg"; // image rD[2][4][6] = new Array(); rD[2][4][6][0] = "7"; // number rD[2][4][6][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[2][4][6][2] = "97"; // start rD[2][4][6][3] = "152"; // end rD[2][4][6][4] = "The Battle of the Spurs"; // title rD[2][4][6][5] = "images/thumbs/3-7.jpg"; // thumb rD[2][4][6][6] = "By an unknown artist, or artists, c 1513

This painting shows a real battle that took place between English and French forces in 1513. In an attempt to bring food to the besieged French city of Therouanne, the French cavalry was surprised by the English army. The French turned and fled, with Henry and Maximilian's cavalry in hot pursuit.

This is a painting about military power. It celebrates the heroic success of an English king keen to create an international reputation. You can see Henry on his horse right in the centre. The engagement became known as the Battle of the Spurs because the French were forced to retreat with such haste that the English could only see the spurs of the departing cavalry."; // text rD[2][4][6][7] = "images/big/3-7.jpg"; // image rD[2][4][7] = new Array(); rD[2][4][7][0] = "8"; // number rD[2][4][7][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[2][4][7][2] = "12"; // start rD[2][4][7][3] = "97"; // end rD[2][4][7][4] = "Chairs"; // title rD[2][4][7][5] = "images/thumbs/chairs.jpg"; // thumb rD[2][4][7][6] = "It was Henry VIII's duty to lead his nation to glory. His royal ancestors had won heroic victories in Europe, and Henry went to war against France. Aged just twenty two, Henry was eager to lead the invasion himself. The capture of two French cities brought Henry prestige. The rest of Europe took note.

It was Katherine's duty to support her ambitious husband. This came quite naturally. Katherine was no stranger to the importance of conquest: she had grown up on the battlefields of Spain. Henry trusted her. She ruled England for him while he was away. They were a team.

It was Wolsey's duty to manage the European war for the King. He arranged supplies, transport and money. Henry liked him and listened to him. Wolsey's meteoric rise continued. After the campaign, he became the most powerful man on the King's Council."; // text rD[2][4][7][7] = "images/big/3-8.jpg"; // image rD[3][4][0] = new Array(); rD[3][4][0][0] = "1"; // number rD[3][4][0][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[3][4][0][2] = "20"; // start rD[3][4][0][3] = "120"; // end rD[3][4][0][4] = "The Field of the Cloth of Gold"; // title rD[3][4][0][5] = "images/thumbs/4-1.jpg"; // thumb rD[3][4][0][6] = "By an unknown artist, or artists, c1545

This magnificent painting depicts a riot of extravagance laid on for the English and French royal courts: fountains running with wine, temporary palaces, grand tournaments and spectacular fireworks. Even the tents were made from golden cloth - giving the occasion its famous name.

The party of the century - lasting 20 days in June 1520 - was to celebrate the signing of a new peace treaty."; // text rD[3][4][0][7] = "images/big/4-1.jpg"; // image rD[3][4][1] = new Array(); rD[3][4][1][0] = "2"; // number rD[3][4][1][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[3][4][1][2] = "340"; // start rD[3][4][1][3] = "20"; // end rD[3][4][1][4] = "Chairs"; // title rD[3][4][1][5] = "images/thumbs/chairs.jpg"; // thumb rD[3][4][1][6] = "By 1515 Henry had a new rival. A new king was on the French throne. Francis I was young, majestic and ambitious too. Henry was intrigued and determined to outshine him. He ordered Wolsey to arrange the largest and most magnificent European summit yet.

In 1516 Katherine gave birth to a daughter, Mary. Henry was delighted. As part of the peace negotiations, the little princess was betrothed to the young son of the new French king. Hopes for their future as a family were bright. One day, Henry's grandson might inherit a European empire.

Wolsey had made it to the top by organising a war. Now he rose to the challenge of managing a magnificent peace. His rewards for all of this were astonishing. Henry appointed him Lord Chancellor and Archbishop of York. The Pope made Wolsey a cardinal."; // text rD[3][4][1][7] = "images/big/4-2.jpg"; // image rD[3][4][2] = new Array(); rD[3][4][2][0] = "3"; // number rD[3][4][2][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[3][4][2][2] = "310"; // start rD[3][4][2][3] = "340"; // end rD[3][4][2][4] = "Sumptuous Architecture"; // title rD[3][4][2][5] = "images/thumbs/4-3.jpg"; // thumb rD[3][4][2][6] = "Henry and Wolsey wielded architecture and interior decoration like weapons. Spending extravagantly, they deployed artists, architects and craftsmen from all over Europe in a never-ending cultural battle with the rival courts of France and the Holy Roman Empire.

Wolsey led the charge and loved it. His palaces 'lit up the eyes of the beholders, by reason of their sumptuous work'."; // text rD[3][4][2][7] = "images/big/4-3.jpg"; // image rD[3][4][3] = new Array(); rD[3][4][3][0] = "4"; // number rD[3][4][3][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[3][4][3][2] = "190"; // start rD[3][4][3][3] = "310"; // end rD[3][4][3][4] = "The Embarkation at Dover"; // title rD[3][4][3][5] = "images/thumbs/4-4.jpg"; // thumb rD[3][4][3][6] = "By an unknown artist, or artists, c 1545

On 31 May 1520, Henry VIII, Katherine and Wolsey set sail to meet Francis I, the King of France, to celebrate a new peace treaty.

They travelled with about 6,000 members of the court and vast amounts of provisions. A whole ship was needed to transport the King's jewels. No expense was spared. Henry was determined to be seen as the most magnificent monarch in Europe.

This painting shows the court getting ready to cross the Channel at Dover Castle. It is a patriotic painting with flags of St George flying and canons firing in celebration. It was probably painted towards the end of Henry's reign to celebrate one of the King's finest moments.

You can see Henry himself beneath the golden sails of the Great Harry, his largest ship."; // text rD[3][4][3][7] = "images/big/4-4.jpg"; // image rD[3][4][4] = new Array(); rD[3][4][4][0] = "5"; // number rD[3][4][4][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[3][4][4][2] = "120"; // start rD[3][4][4][3] = "190"; // end rD[3][4][4][4] = "Cultural Rivalry"; // title rD[3][4][4][5] = "images/thumbs/4-5.jpg"; // thumb rD[3][4][4][6] = "After meeting face-to-face at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, Henry and the King of France, Francis I, delighted in comparing the interior decor of each other's palaces. Their personal, political and cultural rivalries were all tangled together.

Francis was reported as having commented, quite snobbishly, that he preferred his own beautifully inlayed wooden ceilings to Henry's extravagantly gilded ones. He personally helped one ambassador climb on a bench to take a closer look at the design of his bedroom ceiling, so he could describe it to Henry!"; // text rD[3][4][4][7] = "images/big/4-5.jpg"; // image rD[4][4][0] = new Array(); rD[4][4][0][0] = "1"; // number rD[4][4][0][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[4][4][0][2] = "355"; // start rD[4][4][0][3] = "25"; // end rD[4][4][0][4] = "Princess Mary (1516-58)"; // title rD[4][4][0][5] = "images/thumbs/5-1.jpg"; // thumb rD[4][4][0][6] = "Possibly painted by Lucas Horenbout, c1521-25

By 1525, after 16 years as king, Henry VIII only had two children: a legitimate daughter and an illegitimate son.

Henry doted on Mary, his little princess, and was extremely proud of her. Katherine took an active role in her education and corrected her Latin homework. They were a family.

But Henry needed a son and heir. Katherine's last pregnancy had been in 1518 and it was unlikely they would have another child. What could Henry do?

Henry also cherished Henry Fitzroy, his bastard prince, his 'worldly jewel'. Wolsey was his godfather and helped arrange his education. Could Henry legitimise his son and raise him as his heir?"; // text rD[4][4][0][7] = "images/big/5-1.jpg"; // image rD[4][4][1] = new Array(); rD[4][4][1][0] = "2"; // number rD[4][4][1][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[4][4][1][2] = "335"; // start rD[4][4][1][3] = "355"; // end rD[4][4][1][4] = "Henry VIII (1491-1547)"; // title rD[4][4][1][5] = "images/thumbs/5-2.jpg"; // thumb rD[4][4][1][6] = "By Lucas Horenbout, c1526

By 1525, after 16 years as king, Henry VIII only had two children: a legitimate daughter and an illegitimate son.

Henry doted on Mary, his little princess, and was extremely proud of her. Katherine took an active role in her education and corrected her Latin homework. They were a family.

But Henry needed a son and heir. Katherine's last pregnancy had been in 1518 and it was unlikely they would have another child. What could Henry do?

Henry also cherished Henry Fitzroy, his bastard prince, his 'worldly jewel'. Wolsey was his godfather and helped arrange his education. Could Henry legitimise his son and raise him as his heir?"; // text rD[4][4][1][7] = "images/big/5-2.jpg"; // image rD[4][4][2] = new Array(); rD[4][4][2][0] = "3"; // number rD[4][4][2][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[4][4][2][2] = "310"; // start rD[4][4][2][3] = "335"; // end rD[4][4][2][4] = "Henry Fitzroy (1519-36)"; // title rD[4][4][2][5] = "images/thumbs/5-3.jpg"; // thumb rD[4][4][2][6] = "By Lucas Horenbout, c1534

By 1525, after 16 years as king, Henry VIII only had two children: a legitimate daughter and an illegitimate son.

Henry doted on Mary, his little princess, and was extremely proud of her. Katherine took an active role in her education and corrected her Latin homework. They were a family.

But Henry needed a son and heir. Katherine's last pregnancy had been in 1518 and it was unlikely they would have another child. What could Henry do?

Henry also cherished Henry Fitzroy, his bastard prince, his 'worldly jewel'. Wolsey was his godfather and helped arrange his education. Could Henry legitimise his son and raise him as his heir?"; // text rD[4][4][2][7] = "images/big/5-3.jpg"; // image rD[4][4][3] = new Array(); rD[4][4][3][0] = "4"; // number rD[4][4][3][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[4][4][3][2] = "242"; // start rD[4][4][3][3] = "310"; // end rD[4][4][3][4] = "Chairs"; // title rD[4][4][3][5] = "images/thumbs/chairs.jpg"; // thumb rD[4][4][3][6] = "Henry VIII was desperate for a son and heir. He knew that the survival of the Tudor dynasty depended on it. In 1511, Henry and Katherine had celebrated the birth of a prince with a spectacular tournament. Henry's joy turned to grief when the little king-in-waiting suddenly died.

Katherine knew that it was a queen's responsibility to provide as many children as possible, preferably boys. Female rulers were relatively unknown. But by 1520, eleven years of marriage had produced only one surviving child, the Princess Mary."; // text rD[4][4][3][7] = "images/big/5-4.jpg"; // image rD[4][4][4] = new Array(); rD[4][4][4][0] = "5"; // number rD[4][4][4][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[4][4][4][2] = "25"; // start rD[4][4][4][3] = "242"; // end rD[4][4][4][4] = "Closets, Privacy and Panelling"; // title rD[4][4][4][5] = "images/thumbs/5-5.jpg"; // thumb rD[4][4][4][6] = "Henry, Katherine and Wolsey lived every moment in the gaze of others. Their triumphs and tragedies were public affairs. Small rooms or 'closets' similar to this provided rare opportunities to slip away from the crowd and pause with close companions.

Even closets like this were richly decorated with a variety of ornate 'linenfold' oak panelling, intended to replicate the texture and warmth of the tapestries and cloth hung elsewhere."; // text rD[4][4][4][7] = "images/big/5-5.jpg"; // image rD[5][4][0] = new Array(); rD[5][4][0][0] = "1"; // number rD[5][4][0][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[5][4][0][2] = "160"; // start rD[5][4][0][3] = "78"; // end rD[5][4][0][4] = "Katherine's Pregnancies"; // title rD[5][4][0][5] = "images/thumbs/6-1.jpg"; // thumb rD[5][4][0][6] = "Unname princess
stillborn
January 1510

Prince Henry
died aged 7 weeks
1 January 1511 - 22 February 1511

Unnamed prince
stillborn
October 1513

Unnamed prince
died soon after birth
February 1515

Princess Mary
survived
18 February 1516 - 13 September 1558

Unnamed princess
stillborn
November 1518"; // text rD[5][4][0][7] = "images/big/6-1.jpg"; // image rD[5][4][1] = new Array(); rD[5][4][1][0] = "1"; // number rD[5][4][1][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[5][4][1][2] = "78"; // start rD[5][4][1][3] = "160"; // end rD[5][4][1][4] = "Chair"; // title rD[5][4][1][5] = "images/thumbs/chairs.jpg"; // thumb rD[5][4][1][6] = "The death of each of her short-lived children was a bitter blow for Katherine. In 1511 her first son had died amid the celebrations for his birth. Ten years later, aged thirty five, it was difficult for Katherine not to fear the worst. She would never provide her husband with another boy."; // text rD[5][4][1][7] = "images/big/6-2.jpg"; // image rD[6][4][0] = new Array(); rD[6][4][0][0] = "1"; // number rD[6][4][0][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[6][4][0][2] = "290"; // start rD[6][4][0][3] = "336"; // end rD[6][4][0][4] = "The Battle of Pavia"; // title rD[6][4][0][5] = "images/thumbs/7-1.jpg"; // thumb rD[6][4][0][6] = "By an unknown artist, c1530

This is an image of the Battle of Pavia, where the new Holy Roman Emperor Charles V destroyed the French army.

The victorious Charles was betrothed to Henry and Katherine's daughter, Princess Mary. If they married, their children would rule most of Europe.

But Charles made a separate peace with France and broke his engagement with Princess Mary. He was in control and no longer needed an English alliance. It was Charles V who had won this round in the game to control Europe. Henry had lost, and Wolsey and Katherine would share the blame."; // text rD[6][4][0][7] = "images/big/7-1.jpg"; // image rD[6][4][1] = new Array(); rD[6][4][1][0] = "2"; // number rD[6][4][1][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[6][4][1][2] = "131"; // start rD[6][4][1][3] = "290"; // end rD[6][4][1][4] = "Quotations"; // title rD[6][4][1][5] = "images/thumbs/7-2.jpg"; // thumb rD[6][4][1][6] = ""Thus passed the whole night with banqueting and dancing to the great comfort of the King"
"He is very fond of hunting, and never takes this diversion without tiring eight or ten horses"
"He is the best dressed sovereign in the world"

"The Cardinal does everything ... "
"All negotiations pass through the Cardinal, who manages everything with consummate ability, integrity and prudence"

"Katherine was past that age in which women most commonly were wont to be fruitful"
"She is religious, and as virtuous as words can express""; // text rD[6][4][1][7] = "/big/7-2.jpg"; // image rD[6][4][2] = new Array(); rD[6][4][2][0] = "3"; // number rD[6][4][2][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[6][4][2][2] = "12"; // start rD[6][4][2][3] = "131"; // end rD[6][4][2][4] = "Wolsey's Private Apartments"; // title rD[6][4][2][5] = "images/thumbs/7-3.jpg"; // thumb rD[6][4][2][6] = "This room and the next may have served as Wolsey's personal apartments. Although, even here, he would have known little real privacy.

Other than the walls themselves, this fireplace decorated with 'herringbone' brickwork is the only remnant of what must have been a beautifully decorated chamber.

The historic graffiti on this fireplace includes the Italian:

'Che lo prova lo sa' - 'Who tries it, knows it'."; // text rD[6][4][2][7] = "images/big/7-3.jpg"; // image rD[6][4][3] = new Array(); rD[6][4][3][0] = "4"; // number rD[6][4][3][1] = "falsa"; // enlarge rD[6][4][3][2] = "336"; // start rD[6][4][3][3] = "12"; // end rD[6][4][3][4] = "Chairs"; // title rD[6][4][3][5] = "images/thumbs/chairs.jpg"; // thumb rD[6][4][3][6] = "Henry VIII was thirty five years old in 1526. He was still jousting and hunting by day, and dancing and revelling by night. He saw less of Katherine and was surrounded by temptation. Perhaps a new wife might provide him with a son? Katherine would have to understand.

Katherine reached the age of forty in 1526. She withdrew from the self-indulgent parties at court, went on pilgrimages and spent hours at a time in prayer. Why had God not given them a son? But Katherine still had her daughter Mary. One day she might become Queen of England.

Cardinal Wolsey was at the height of his powers in the early 1520s and was not afraid to show it. He had started building Hampton Court Palace in 1514. He entertained the most important people in Europe here. And he did so on a grand scale."; // text rD[6][4][3][7] = "images/big/7-4.jpg"; // image rD[7][4][0] = new Array(); rD[7][4][0][0] = "1"; // number rD[7][4][0][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[7][4][0][2] = "22"; // start rD[7][4][0][3] = "98"; // end rD[7][4][0][4] = "The Tudor Palace of Hampton Court"; // title rD[7][4][0][5] = "images/thumbs/8-1.jpg"; // thumb rD[7][4][0][6] = "By an unknown artist, c1660

Wolsey's ambition took him to the top. But his power depended on helping Henry realise his European ambitions. In 1529 Wolsey's European strategies failed; as a result the Pope refused to grant Henry a speedy annulment of his marriage to Katherine.

Wolsey was forced to surrender his position and his palace of Hampton Court to the King.

The following year Wolsey was arrested for treason. He died on his way to the Tower of London, possibly of dysentery (although a rumour quickly spread that he had taken his own life)."; // text rD[7][4][0][7] = "images/big/8-1.jpg"; // image rD[7][4][1] = new Array(); rD[7][4][1][0] = "2"; // number rD[7][4][1][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[7][4][1][2] = "336"; // start rD[7][4][1][3] = "22"; // end rD[7][4][1][4] = "Anne Boleyn (c 1501-36)"; // title rD[7][4][1][5] = "images/thumbs/8-2.jpg"; // thumb rD[7][4][1][6] = "A copy of a contemporary portrait, probably painted in the late 1500s

Anne Boleyn was not an obvious choice for Henry's next bride. She was not a European princess like Katherine.

But Anne had guile, charm and the ability to captivate the King. She also refused to be one of Henry's mistresses, and no one had said 'no' to the King before. This fired his lust and impatience. Anne and Henry were finally married in 1533. But time was not on Anne's side: she was already 30 years old. Could she provide the son and heir that Henry VIII desperately required?"; // text rD[7][4][1][7] = "images/big/8-2.jpg"; // image rD[7][4][2] = new Array(); rD[7][4][2][0] = "3"; // number rD[7][4][2][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[7][4][2][2] = "300"; // start rD[7][4][2][3] = "336"; // end rD[7][4][2][4] = "Henry VIII (1491-1547)"; // title rD[7][4][2][5] = "images/thumbs/8-3.jpg"; // thumb rD[7][4][2][6] = "By Joos van Cleve, c1535

It was Henry VIII's ambition to make his mark on Europe, but this had cost him his marriage and the life of his most trusted minister. And he still did not have a son.

This painting shows Henry VIII in his early 40s. The youthful and charismatic European prince is disappearing and a more familiar, more imposing, image is emerging. This is the Henry VIII who eventually got his divorce from Katherine and in the process changed the course of English history forever."; // text rD[7][4][2][7] = "images/big/8-3.jpg"; // image rD[7][4][3] = new Array(); rD[7][4][3][0] = "4"; // number rD[7][4][3][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[7][4][3][2] = "265"; // start rD[7][4][3][3] = "300"; // end rD[7][4][3][4] = "Katherine of Aragon (1486-1536)"; // title rD[7][4][3][5] = "images/thumbs/8-4.jpg"; // thumb rD[7][4][3][6] = "A copy of a contemporary portrait, probably painted in the late 1500s

Katherine lost her fight to remain Henry's wife and England's queen. Her refusal to retire from the scene gracefully cost her dearly. She was sent away from court to a remote manor and Henry did not let her see her daughter Mary again. He finally ended their marriage in 1533.

Katherine's health failed her and she died, possibly from cancer, aged 50.

Just before she died, she wrote a final letter to Henry: 'I commend unto you our daughter Mary, beseeching you to be a good father unto her ... Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes desire you above all things.'

It was signed, 'Katherine the Queen'."; // text rD[7][4][3][7] = "images/big/8-4.jpg"; // image rD[7][4][4] = new Array(); rD[7][4][4][0] = "5"; // number rD[7][4][4][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[7][4][4][2] = "211"; // start rD[7][4][4][3] = "265"; // end rD[7][4][4][4] = "Bedchamber"; // title rD[7][4][4][5] = "images/thumbs/8-5.jpg"; // thumb rD[7][4][4][6] = "This blocked doorway gave private access to Wolsey's long gallery. As Henry and Katherine's marriage disintegrated, it was here he retreated as he fell from power: 'Wolsey is hidden at Hampton Court, because he knew nowhere else to go.'"; // text rD[7][4][4][7] = "images/big/8-5.jpg"; // image rD[7][4][5] = new Array(); rD[7][4][5][0] = "6"; // number rD[7][4][5][1] = "false"; // enlarge rD[7][4][5][2] = "139"; // start rD[7][4][5][3] = "211"; // end rD[7][4][5][4] = "Chairs"; // title rD[7][4][5][5] = "images/thumbs/chairs.jpg"; // thumb rD[7][4][5][6] = "It was Anne Boleyn who finally made up Henry's mind. He was besotted. God had punished him for marrying his brother's widow but a new wife would put things right. Henry found the self-justification to seek a divorce from Katherine after twenty years of marriage.

How could Henry say that he no longer considered them to be married? How dare he summon a special hearing to pass judgement! She would not go without a fight. But Katherine had underestimated the King's determination. She was sent into exile. She never saw her daughter Mary again.

Henry wanted a divorce. Wolsey was the man to provide it. But Katherine refused to go quietly, and Wolsey was unable to influence the Pope. In 1529, Wolsey discovered that his power still depended on getting things done for Henry. He had failed. His fall from royal favour was swift and final."; // text rD[7][4][5][7] = "images/big/8-6.jpg"; // image rD[7][4][6] = new Array(); rD[7][4][6][0] = "7"; // number rD[7][4][6][1] = "true"; // enlarge rD[7][4][6][2] = "98"; // start rD[7][4][6][3] = "139"; // end rD[7][4][6][4] = "View from Window"; // title rD[7][4][6][5] = "images/thumbs/8-7.jpg"; // thumb rD[7][4][6][6] = "As Anne's star rose, Wolsey's faded and he sought to retain her favour. He sent her fish from ponds at Hampton Court, which survive today as the Pond Gardens you can see from this window. Anne had her own apartments in the palace where Henry kept her 'more like a queen than a simple maid'.

Nearly 30 years later, Henry's second daughter, Queen Elizabeth I, refurbished Wolsey's old apartments and rebuilt this window. It still looks out over the gardens where Wolsey 'was accustomed toward night to walk' and where he contemplated his fate."; // text rD[7][4][6][7] = "images/big/8-7.jpg"; // image eAD[0] = "Route 1 - Via the main exhibition entrance
* You'll cover 98m from the moat bridge and Great Gatehouse to the spiral stairs that lead up to the exhibition. You'll encounter some uneven surfaces, including cobblestones.
* At the spiral stairs there are two steps up to the doorway.
* The spiral staircase is carpeted and has 18 steps.
* There is a wooden hand rail on your left."; eAD[1] = "Route 2 - Lift access
* Wheelchair users with very limited mobility should use this route. Warders can arrange access to the lift, so please ask for assistance. The lift is 199m from the moat bridge over uneven surfaces, including cobblestones.
* There are three steps to negotiate between the King's Guard Chamber and the exhibition.
* You will enter at the end of the story, so you will need to move through the spaces to the start."; eAD[2] = "Route 3 - Via the Beauty Staircase
* You'll cover 134m from the moat bridge and Great Gatehouse to this staircase leading up to the exhibition. You'll encounter uneven surfaces, including cobblestones.
* The staircase has 24 steep stone steps, including one step down into the exhibition.
* Climbing the stairs you'll find a handrail on your right and dado rail on your left. The stairs have three landings and there is one large window ledge half way up.
* You will enter at the end of the story, so you will need to move through the spaces to the start."; eAD[3] = "Route 4 - Via the King's Staircase
* You'll cover 113m from the moat bridge and Great Gatehouse to the King's Staircase. You'll encounter uneven surfaces, including cobblestones.
* You'll climb 33 shallow, broad stone steps and encounter three landings.
* A wrought iron handrail is on your right as you go up.
* The top landing leads into the King's Guard Chamber where you can ask a warder for entry to the exhibition.
* From the King's Guard Chamber you'll encounter three steps down to a small landing and one down into the exhibition. You'll find a handrail on your left.
* You will enter at the end of the story, so you will need to move through the spaces to the start."; }